Computer‑vision‑based onboard camera sensors can detect marked runway features and provide guidance for aligning with the runway central line and holding the runway track before takeoff and after landing.
The proposed method estimates the 3‑D position of the aircraft relative to a touchdown point on the runway, offering a vision‑first alternative to GNSS or ATC for precise lateral positioning during critical phases.
Open questions include which 3‑D pose algorithms to use, how to fuse vision with GNSS/ATC, performance metrics for safe ATOL, and handling adverse weather.